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Санскрит по субхашитам (крылатым изречениям)

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Англоязычный.
Первые 10 уроков (расположены сверху вниз, так что к началу надо идти в конец интернет-страницы) ССЫЛКА УМЕРЛА

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Урок 1

СЛОВАРЬ:
1 You = tvam त्वम् твам = ты
2 only = eva एव эва = только
3 you only = tvameva त्वमेव твам-эва = ты только
4 mother = mAtA माता маатаа = мать
5 and = cha च ча = и
6 father = pitA पिता питаа = отец
7 brother = bandhuH बन्धुः бандхуХ = брат
8 friend = sakhA सखा сакхаа = друг
9 knowledge = vidyA विद्या видйаа = знание
10 wealth = draviNam द्रविणं дравиНам = богатство
11 all, everything = sarvam सर्वं сарвам = все
12 of me = mama मम мама = мой, моя, моё
13 Oh God = deva देव дэва = о Боже (звательный падеж)

Exercise 1 Упражнение 1
From the above glossary, prepare the following phrases - Из вышеприведенного словаря составьте следующие фразы:

1 You only mother __________  __________ __________  __________ твам-эва маатаа
2 and Father you only __  _______  ________ __  _______  ________ ча питаа твам-эва
3 You only brother and __________  __________  ___ __________ твам-эва бандхушь-ча
4 friend you only __________  __________ __________  __________ сакхаа твам-эва
5 You only knowledge __________  __________ __________  __________ твам-эва видйаа
6 Wealth you only __________  __________ __________  __________ дравиНаМ твам-эва
7 You only everything of me __________  __________   ________твам-эва сарваМ мама
8 Oh God ! Oh God __________  __________ __________  __________ дэва дэва

ТОНКОСТИ:
бандхуХ ча बन्धुः च пишется как бандхушь-ча बन्धुश्च. Это одно из правил сандхи (видоизменений на стыке определенных звуков).
Итак, в данном случае Х + ч = шь-ч, то есть बन्धुः + च (bandhuH + cha = bandhush-cha). Отсюда बन्धुश्च

Еще сандхи: финальная м перед первой согласной превращается в М и изображается в дэванагари как верхняя точка.

Вертикальная линия (।) в конце каждой строки означает "полную остановку". Две вертикальные линии (॥) означают конец стиха.
(A vertical line at the end of each line (।) is really the “full stop” in Devanagari. Two vertical lines (॥) denote the end of a stanza.)

А теперь вся субхашита (в данном случае молитва):

tvameva mAtA cha pitA tvameva
tvameva bandhush-cha sakhA tvameva
tvameva vidyA draviNaM tvameva
tvameva sarvaM mama deva deva
त्वमेव माता च पिता त्वमेव ।
त्वमेव बन्धुश्च सखा त्वमेव ।
त्वमेव विद्या द्रविणं त्वमेव ।
त्वमेव सर्वं मम देव देव ॥
शुभमस्तु (शुभम् + अस्तु) ।
шьубхам-асту (пусть все будет хорошо!)

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: ударения в стихах ставятся так, чтобы был стихотворный размер и благозвучие. Например, так:

твам-эва маатаа ча питаа - твам-эва
твам-эва бандхушь-ча сакхаа - твам-эва
твам-эва видйаа дравиНаМ твам-эва
твам-эва сарвам мама дэва дэва

ты только мать-отец ты только
ты только брат и друг ты только
ты только знанье и богатство только
ты только все моё, о Боже

Аналог: песня "Only you" ))

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Lesson 2 Урок 2

Glossary 2 Словарь 2

1 industriousness, diligence udyamaH उद्यमः удйамаХ усердие
2 grit to explore sAhasam साहसम् саахасам готовность исследовать
3 boldness dhairyam धैर्यम् дхайрйам смелость
4 intellect buddhiH बुद्धिः буддхиХ интеллект
5 strength shaktiH शक्तिः шьактиХ сила
6 capacity to fight and win parAkramaH पराक्रमः пара-акрамаХ способность бороться и побеждать
7 six ShaT षट् шад шесть
8 these ete एते эте эти
9 these six ShaDete षडेते шаДэтэ эти шесть
10 where yatra यत्र йатра где
11 are present, exist vartante वर्तन्ते вартантэ существуют
12 there tatra तत्र татра там
13 God devaH देव: дэваХ бог
14 helpful sahAyya-kRut सहाय्यकृत् сахааййа-кРит помогает

From 7, 8 and 9 we notice that षट् + एते = षडेते  When two words are in succession of each other, it becomes natural during pronunciation, that the ending of the first word and the beginning of the next word will merge. Such merging of sounds is called as conjugation

15 conjugation sandhiH सन्धि: сандхиХ соединение, сцепка

There were three conjugations already in Lesson 1. В Уроке 1 уже были 3 сандхи:
1.  त्वम् + एव = त्वमेव
2.  बन्धुः + च = बन्धुश्च
3.  शुभम् + अस्तु = शुभमस्तु

Conjugations are logical and natural, aren’t they? Сандхи логичны и естественны, не так ли?

Word #13 is not new. It was there in glossary 1. There, it was just  देव, because it was in Address case, to say, “Oh God”. Here it is in Nominative Case. प्रथमा विभक्तिः Hence देव:
Слово #13 не новое. Оно уже было в Словаре 1 в форме  देव, потому что стояло в Звательном (Адресном) падеже, а именно, “О Боже”. Здесь оно в Именительном падеже (пратхамаа вибхактиХ) प्रथमा विभक्तिः -- поэтому дэваХ देव:

16 Address sambodhanam सम्बोधनम् самбодханам адрес
17 case vibhaktiH विभक्तिः вибхактиХ падеж
18 Address case sambodhan-vibhaktiH सम्बोधन-विभक्तिः самбодхан-вибхактиХ Звательный (Адресный) падеж
19 first prathamA प्रथमा пратхамаа первый
20 Nominative or subjective case prathamA vibhatiH प्रथमा विभक्तिः пратхамаа вибхактиХ Именительный падеж

Exercises 2 Упражнение 2
From the words 1 to 14 in the glossary, prepare the following phrases - Из слов 1-14 составьте следующие фразы
1 Industriousness, grit to explore, boldness усердие изучение смелость_________ удйамаХа саахасам дхайрйам
2 intellect, strength, capacity to fight and win интеллект сила преодоление ________  буддхиХи шьактиХи пара-акрамаХа
3 these six where exist где эти шесть обитают ________  шаДэтэ йатра вартантэ
4 there God helpful там Господь помогает __________  татра дэваХ сахааййа-кРит

Now you can write down two phrases in one line. By that it becomes a good two-line verse, a good saying !! Теперь можете сложить по две фразы в одну строку. Получится отличный двухстрочный стих, крылатое изречение!

21 a good saying subhAShitam सुभाषितम् субхаашитам хорошее (су(пер)) (крылатое) изречение

Here it is how it reads - Теперь как оно читается всё вместе:

udyamaH sAhasam dhairyam buddhiH shaktiH parAkramaH
ShaDete yatra vartante tatra devaH sahAyya-kRut

उद्यमः साहसं धैर्यं बुद्धिः शक्तिः पराक्रमः ।
षट् एते यत्र वर्तन्ते तत्र देवः सहाय्यकृत् ॥

удйамаХа саахасам дхайрйам \ буддхиХи шьактиХи пара-акрамаХа ।
шаДэтэ йатра вартантэ \ татра дэваХ сахааййа-кРит ॥

усердие изучение смелость интеллект сила преодоление -
где эти шесть обитают, там и Господь помогает

(проставьте ударения сами, подекламируйте, подбирая благозвучность)

I am sure you will like this good saying सुभाषितम्. Learn it by heart. Уверен, вам понравится это изречение, субхашита. Выучите его наизусть.

In Sanskrit there are thousands of such “good sayings”. Would it not be charming and impressive, if you can quote them verbatim? And they are so crisp verses, all pearls of wisdom !! That is one very good and strong reason, why one should learn Sanskrit. Есть тысячи таких крылатых изречений на санскрите. Разве не здорово, если вы сможете цитировать их наизусть, эти перлы мудрости? Это одна из весомых причин изучать санскрит.

शुभमस्तु | шьубхам-асту = пусть все будет хорошо

-o-O-o-

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Lesson 3 Учим санскрит по-новому -- Урок 3

Glossary 3 Словарь к 3 уроку

1 in post-rainy season sharadi शरदि шьаради = в сухой сезон
2 no, not, does not na न на = не (отрицание)
3 rains varShati वर्षति варшати = дождит
4 thunders garjati गर्जति гарджати = гремит, грохочет
5 during rainy season varShAsu वर्षासु варшаасу = во время сезона дождей
6 quiet, noiseless niH-svanaH नि:स्वनः ниХ-сванаХ = спокойный, бесшумный
7 cloud meghaH मेघः мэгхаХ = облако
8* noiseless cloud niHsvano meghaH निःस्वनो मेघः  ниХсвано мэгхаХ = бесшумное облако
9 mean-minded, lowly neechaH नीचः ниичаХ = посредственность, слабый человек
10 talks, prattles vadati वदति вадати = болтает, разговаривает
11* (the) lowly prattles neecho vadati नीचो वदति ниичо вадати = посредственность болтает
12 does kurute कुरुते курутэ = делает
13 good person, gentleman sujanaH सुजनः суджанаХ = добрый человек
14 does karoti करोति каротэ = делает
15 only eva एव эва = только
16* does only karotyeva करोत्येव каротйэва = только делает

Here we have three conjugations. The conjugated phrases are marked by * Здесь у нас три сцепки-сандхи (отмечены *)

(6) + (7) = (8) नि:स्वनः + मेघः = निःस्वनो मेघः ниХсванаХ + мэгхаХ = ниХсвано мэгхаХ
(9) + (10) = (11) नीचः + वदति = नीचो वदति ниичаХ + вадати = ниичо вадати
(14) + (15) = (16) करोति + एव = करोत्येव кароти + эва = каротйэва

In the first two conjugations two words haven’t really merged into each other. But the visarga ( : ) at the ending of the first word has become ओ о. В двух первых сандхи слова не сливаются. Но висарга ( : )  в конце первого слова превращается в  о.
निःस्वन् + अः –> निःस्वन् + ओ = निःस्वनो ниХсван+аХ => ниХсван+о
नीच् + अः –> नीच् + ओ = नीचो ниич + аХ => ниичо

In the third one करोति + एव = करोत् + इ + एव = करोत् + य् + एव = करोत्येव
В третьем случае кароти + эва = карот+и+эва=карот+й+эва=каротйэва

Here vowel इ merges into vowel ए to become य् + ए. Then we have merging of त् + य् + ए becoming त्ये
Здесь гласная и сливается с гласной э и становится й+э. Поэтому имеем слияние т+й+э=тйэ.
There is no need to become unduly over-conscientious of this explanation of the third one. Even if you say करोति एव, करोति एव at some speed, you will realise that it does become करोत्येव. Нет нужды чрезмерно озабочиваться объяснениями третьего кейса. Просто, если вы будете достаточно быстро говорить кароти эва, кароти эва, кароти эва, то увидите, что слышится каротйэва. So, rules of conjugation are all logical and natural. Так что все правила сандхи (сцепления) логичны и естественны. Thanks to the sages like PaaNinee that naturally happening pronunciations also have been refined, structured into rules. The very name of the language “Sanskrit” means refined. It is these refinements which have made the language chaste. There is no other language in the world, which can match the chastity of Sanskrit. Благодаря таким мудрецам, как Панини (пааНинии), эти естественные видоизменения тоже были уточнены и структурированы в правила. Само название "Санскрит" означает "усовершенствованный". Именно такие усовершенствования придают языку строгость, точность. Нет в мире языка более строгого, чем санскрит.

Word #15 एव is not new. It was there in glossary 1. It is repeated just for the sake of convenience.
Слово #15 эва не новое, оно уже было в Словаре 1 урока и приведено для удобства.

Exercises 3 Упражнение 3
From the words 1 to 16 in the glossary, prepare the following phrases - Из слов 1-16 Словаря составьте следующие фразы:

1 cloud, in post-rainy season, not, rains, thunders __________ облако, в сухой сезон, не, дождит, гремит __________ мэгхаХ шьаради на варшати гарджати
2 quiet (noiseless) cloud, during rainy season, rains
__________  спокойное (бесшумное) облако, в сезон дождей, дождит ___________
3 the lowly person, prattles, not, does __________  низкий человек, болтает, не, действует__________
4 not, talks, gentleman, does only __________ не, говорит, джентльмен, действует только __________

In the glossary, you have the word “cloud” only once. You have to use it both in phrases (1) and (2). Likewise the word “not” is to be used at three places. В Словаре слово "облако" приведено лишь один раз, но вы используйте его дважды во фразах (1) и (2). Аналогично слово "не" нужно употребить в трех местах.

For the English word “does” we have in the glossary two Sanskrit words कुरुते and  करोति. They are interchangeable. Or even any one of the two can be used at both the places. But to keep the matter simple, in phrase 3, I have put “does” independently after “not”. In phrase 4, I have put it together “does only” as in the glossary. Use the glossary. So you will know which fits better where. Для слова "делает" в Словаре приведены два санскритских слова "курутэ" и "кароти". Они взаимозаменяемы. Любое из них можно поставить во фразах Упражнения.

Now you can write down two-two phrases in one line. By that it becomes a good two-line verse, a good saying a सुभाषितम् !! Теперь можно записать по две фразы в одной строке и получить отличный двухстроковый стих, крылатое изречение, субхаашитам!!

Here it is, how it reads - Вот как оно читается:

sharadi na varShati garjati varShati varShAsu niHsvano meghaH
neecho vadati na kurute na vadati sujanaH karotyeva

शरदि न वर्षति गर्जति वर्षति वर्षासु निःस्वनो मेघः ।
नीचो वदति न कुरुते न वदति सुजनः करोत्येव ॥

шьаради на варшати гарджати, варшати варшаасу ниХсвано мэгхаХа
ниичо вадати на курутэ, на вадати суджанаХа каротйэва

Say it aloud. You will appreciate what musical rhythm is built in here by the poet, having composed it with quite some Onamatopoeia. Doesn’t that make it so easy to commit it to memory ? And there is of course a message, a moral, explained with an example of a very commonplace experience. To derive moral out of a commonplace experience is again refinement. Language itself is a refined language. Poetry shall of course be ! Произнесите вслух. Уловите музыкальный ритм, встроенный поэтом, который использовал своего рода ономатопею. Не потому ли так легко запоминается стихотворная форма? К тому же имеется послание, мораль, поясняемая очень доступным (природным) примером. Извлечь мораль из явления природы - это опять-таки усовершенствование (санскритам). Усовершенствованный язык еще более совершенен в поэзии!!

I am sure you will like this good saying सुभाषितम्. Learn it by heart. Уверен, вам это изречение, субхаашитам, понравится. Заучите его.

You may think that for every lesson, I advise, “Learn it by heart”. But this is all poetry, music and easy knowledge, wisdom, eternal wisdom, saturated and condensed in such short verses. Why not learn it by heart ? Возможно, вы думаете: что это в каждом уроке он советует учить наизусть? Но ведь в этих кратких стихах и музыка, и знание, и мудрость, вечная мудрость, сконденсированная в краткой форме. Почему бы не заучить ее?

More the wisdom you have within your memory bank, wiser you will be. So learning Sanskrit is not just learning another language. It is enriching ourselves with all that wisdom you have in the literature of Sanskrit. That is my basic idea of “Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach”. How do you like that ? Чем больше мудрости в вашем банке памяти, тем мудрее вы сами. Обогащение мудростью - вот что дает вам литература на санскрите. На это я и опираюсь в своем "Свежем подходе к изучению санскрита". Он вам нравится? )

Also, once you remember the verses, your vocabulary is also automatically building up. You do not have to make any separate effort to mug up words and their meanings. If the verse is understood along with its meaning, it is so many birds in one stone! Кроме того, по мере запоминания стихов ваш словарный запас автоматически растет. Не нужно специально мучить себя запоминанием слов и их значений. Если стих понят в полноте его значения, вы убиваете сразу двух зайцев!

शुभमस्तु | шьубхам-асту

-o-O-o-

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Обсуждение Урока 3

hari said, on June 25, 2010 at 6:07 am
very nice approach to saMskRutaadhyayanam, dhanyavaadaH. nice method to memorize-with-meaning!
hariH.
Хари пишет:
очень интересный подход к саМскрита-адхйайанам (преподаванию санскрита), дханйаваадаХ (спасибо), отличный метод для запоминания-со-смыслом! Хари.

Daniel said, on May 24, 2011 at 1:54 pm
Hare Krsna! I was triying to translate it nicely but I don’t seem to find a good translation. Can you please translate this subhashitam into English?
Дэниэл пишет:
Харе Кришна! пытался перевести красиво, но не нашел подходящего перевода. Не могли бы вы перевести эту субхашиту на англ?

Reply
slabhyankar अभ्यंकरकुलोत्पन्नः श्रीपादः said, on May 26, 2011 at 7:32 am
नमो नमः श्रीमन् “डेनिएल्”-महोदय !
हरि ॐ !
I think good translation would need rearranging the words to suit English syntax and English style.
(1) cloud, in post-rainy season, not, rains, thunders = In post-rainy season a cloud (only) thunders, it does not rain.
(2) quiet (noiseless) cloud, during rainy season, rains = During rainy season, a quiet (noiseless) cloud (also) rains.
(3) the lowly person, prattles, not, does = A lowly person prattles, though he does not do much (or) though he does nothing
(4) not, talks, gentleman, does only = A gentleman does and does not talk (or) a gentleman is busy doing than talking.
Does this sound okay ?
सस्नेहम् ,
अभ्यंकरकुलोत्पन्नः श्रीपादः |
“श्रीपतेः पदयुगं स्मरणीयम् ।”

Ответ
Слабхйанкар (автор метода) пишет:
Думаю, что приличный перевод получится, если слова переставить согласно англ синтаксису и стилю.
1) облако, в сухой сезон, не, дождит, гремит = в сухой сезон облако только гремит, а не дождит
2) спокойное (бесшумное само по себе) облако, в сезон дождей, дождит = в сезон дождей бесшумное облако (еще и) дождит
3) низкий человек, болтает, не, делает = низкий человек болтает много, но делает мало или ничего
4) не, говорит, благородный человек, делает только = джентльмен действует, а не говорит ИЛИ джентльмен больше занят делом, чем говорением
Нормально?

Reply
Chandra Sekharan Menon said, on June 7, 2011 at 6:23 pm
महात्मन
is it शरदि या शरधि ?
can the top line be re-aligned like this…
शरदि न वर्षति गर्जति meaning during autumn it does not rain (nor ) thunder
निः स्वनः मेघः वर्षासु वर्षति meaning during rainy season quiet cloud rains

if it is शरधि I do not know how it fits?
Can you please enlighten me?
धन्यवाधा
चन्द्रशेखरन

Reply
slabhyankar अभ्यंकरकुलोत्पन्नः श्रीपादः said, on June 15, 2011 at 3:59 am
नमो नमः “चन्द्रशेखरन्”-महोदय !
प्रायः तमिळ्-भाषिकेभ्यः “शरदि” वा “शरधि” वा एताविधा अक्षरोच्चारण-शङ्का जायते, यतः तमिळ्-लिप्यां “त्, थ् द्, ध्” एतेषु उच्चारेषु लेखन-भिन्नता न भवति । “मेनन्” इति उपनाम तु केरळ-प्रदेशे भवति न तु तमिळनाडु-प्रदेशे । किम् भवान् केरळ-प्रदेशे तमिळ्-भाषिकः ?
तथाविधः दोषः “धन्यवाधा” एताविधे भवल्लेखने पुनरपि संजातः दृश्यते । एषः शब्दः “धन्यवादाः” एवम् भवितव्यः ।
“शरधि” इति शब्दस्य अर्थः शब्दकोशे “a quiver” एवम् प्रदत्तः अस्ति । एताविधः अर्थः तु अस्मै सुभाषिताय अप्रस्तुतः खलु ।

भवतु ।
सस्नेहम् ,
अभ्यंकरकुलोत्पन्नः श्रीपादः |
“श्रीपतेः पदयुगं स्मरणीयम् ।”

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6

Lesson 4 Урок 4

Glossary 4 Словарь 4

1 by diligence, by industriousness udyamena उद्यमेन удйамэна усердием
2 of course, only, thus only hi हि хи конечно, только, так только
3 are accomplished siddhyanti सिद्ध्यन्ति сиддхйанти достигаются
4 tasks, missions kAryANi कार्याणि каарйааНи задачи, цели
5 not na न на не
6 mind manaH मनः манаХ ум
7 by chariots rathaiH रथैः колесницами ратхайХ
8* by chariots of mind, by dreams mano-rathaiH मनोरथैः мано-ратхайХ колесницами ума, мечтами
9 (of) sleeping suptasya सुप्तस्य суптасйа сна, сновидений (род.падеж)
10 lion’s sinhasya सिंहस्य сиМхасйа львиный
11 enter pravishanti प्रविशन्ति правишьанти входят
12 into the mouth mukhe मुखे мукхэ в рот
13 deer (plural) mRugAH मृगाः мРигааХ олени

We had the word उद्यम: in Lesson 2. Here it is उद्यमेन. Earlier the meaning was “diligence, industriousness”. Here the meaning is “by indulgence, by industriousness”. So the meaning of the preposition “by” is included in the meaning of this word “उद्यमेन” here. Both the words “उद्यम:” and “उद्यमेन” are declined forms of the root word “उद्यम”. У нас уже было слово удйамаХа в Уроке 2. Здесь оно в форме удйамэна. Ранее значение было "усердие", а теперь "усердием". Обе формы удйамаХа и удйамэна являются склонениями по падежам основы "удйама". All nouns, pronouns and adjectives have declensions in different cases. Все существительные, прилагательные и местоимения склоняются по падежам. Earlier in the glossaries in Lessons 1 and 2 had declensions of root word “देव” as “देव” and “देव:” in Address case and Nominative case respectively. Ранее мы уже видели склонения основы "дэва" в виде "дэва" и "дэваХа", в Адресном и Именительном падежах соответственно. Here we have declensions in Nominative (called as “first case”) and instrumental (called as “third case”). Здесь же мы видим склонения в Именительном ("первом падеже") и Инструментальном ("третьем падеже"). Cases are eight, from first to seventh and the address case. Всего же падежей восемь, от первого до седьмого, плюс Адресный (или Звательный). Cases second to seventh do the job of different propositions. The third case does the job of prepositions “by”and “with”.

Words (7) and (8) are also in third (instrumental) case. There also we have the preposition “by”. Слова 7 и 8 стоят в инструментальном (творительном) падеже.

Words (9) and (10) are in sixth (genitive, showing ownership) case which do the job of the preposition “of” or of the apostrophe in word (10). Слова 9 и 10 стоят в шестом (родительном, показывающем принадлежность) падеже.

Word (12) is in seventh (locative) case, which does the function of prepositions “in”, “into”, “on”, “upon”, “above”, “below”, “under”. All these prepositions show a location. So, the seventh case is the locative case. Слово 12 стоит в седьмом (местном или предложном) падеже, показывающем местонахождение.

Nouns, pronouns and adjectives decline also by number – singular, dual, plural. We had “cloud rains” (singular), “cloud thunders” (singular), “gentleman does” (singular). We had “six exist”(plural). Here we have “tasks are accomplished” (plural) “deer enter” (plural). Существительные, местоимения и прилагательные изменяются также по числам: единственное, двойственное, множественное число. У нас были: "облако дождит" (ед.), "облако гремит" (ед.), "благородный человек делает" (ед.). У нас также было "шесть существуют" (мн.) И здесь мы видим "задачи выполняются" (мн.), "олени входят" (мн.)

Verbs also have declensions, influenced by number. This is so in grammar of all languages, e.g. in English, “I am”, “We are”. Глаголы также изменяются по числу. Это так в грамматике всех языков (рус.: "я хочу", но "мы хотим").

Verbs also decline due to tense. So far we have all sentences in present tense.  Verbs also decline by “person” e.g. “I am” (first person), “He is” (third person). So far we have all sentences in third person. Глаголы также изменяются во времени. До сих пор мы видели только настоящее время. Глаголы также изменяются по лицу, например "я хочу" (первое лицо), "он хочет" (третье лицо). До сих пор мы видели только третье лицо.

We shall get to know various declensions of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and also of verbs, as we proceed. I have been thoughtfully selective in taking up the verses, so that, we shall have graded progress. That also merits appreciation, right ? Постепенно мы познакомимся с различными формами изменения существительных, местоимений, прилагательных и глаголов. Я тщательно подбирал стихи, чтобы прогресс был постепенным. Ведь так понимать легче, верно?

And all this grammar does not, may not stop us from our learning the verses. It is being mentioned just for information. Let us get on with usual exercises of composing phrases, which help us to understand the meaning. Вся эта грамматика не должна отвлекать нас от заучивания стихов и дается только для информации. Давайте продолжим обычным упражнением по составлению фраз, чтобы понять в итоге значение.
There is only one conjugations in this whole verse. The conjugated phrases are marked by *. Во всем стихе есть только одна сцепка (сандхи). Она помечена *.

(6) + (7) = (8) मनः + रथैः = मनोरथैः манаХ + ратхайХ = маноратхайХ
But here the two words have together become one word, a compound word. Вот здесь два слова образуют вместе одно составное слово.

14 together (as prefix) sam सम् сам вместе
15 to be, to sit, to put AsaH आसः аасаХ быть, сидеть, класть
16 put together samAsaH समासः самаасаХ полагать вместе
17 compound word samAsaH समासः самаасаХ составное слово

Even a word like समासः a compound word, which is a grammatical term has a derivation. Everything in Sanskrit has a logic and a structure. There is that finesse, the refinement, hence, Sanskrit ! Даже такое слово как самаасаХа ("составное слово"), будучи грамматическим термином, имеет производное. Все в санскрите обладает логикой и структурой. Точность, утонченность, короче, санскрит!
Well, सम् is a prefix. Every prefix has a meaning too ! सम् means together. There is another here प्र in प्रविशन्ति. It is all interesting. But it will become digressing from our composing the verse and understanding its meaning. Итак, сам - это префикс. Каждый префикс тоже имеет значение! сам означает "вместе". В слове правишьаанти есть другой префикс, пра. Все это весьма интересно, но дальнейшее углубление уведет нас сейчас от составления стиха и его понимания.

Exercises 4 Упражнение 4

From the words 1 to 13 in the glossary, prepare the following phrases - Из слов 1-13 Словаря составьте следующие фразы:

1 by diligence, only, are accomplished, tasks, __________  усердием, только, достигаются, цели__________ удйамэна хи сиддхйанти каарйааНи
2 not, by dreams, __________  не, мечтами___________ на мано-ратхайХ
3 not, of course, of sleeping, lion’s __________ не, конечно, сновидений, львиный __________  на хи суптасйа сиМхасйа
4 enter, into mouth, deer __________  входят, в рот, олени__________  правишьанти, мукхэ, мРигааХ

In the glossary, you have the word “not” only once. Actually we had this word earlier also. It is repeated here just for convenience. Word (2) has two different meanings and are judiciously put in phrases (1) and (3).

As usual, now you can write down two-two phrases in one line. By that it becomes a good two-line verse, a good saying a सुभाषितम् !! Как обычно, теперь можно записать все фразы по две в две строки. Возникает отличное двустишие, благонамеренное высказывание, субхаашитам!

Here is, how it would read - Итак, как все читается вместе?

udyamena hi siddhyanti kAryANi na mano-rathaiH
na hi suptasya sinhasya pravishanti mukhe mRugAH

उद्यमेन हि सिद्ध्यन्ति कार्याणि न मनोरथैः ।
न हि सुप्तस्य सिंहस्य प्रविशन्ति मुखे मृगाः ॥

удйамэна хи сиддхйанти каарйааНи на мано-ратхайХ
на хи суптасйа сиМхасйа правишьанти мукхэ мРигааХ

In many a सुभाषितम् we shall find this style of a hypothesis and its proof by a commonplace example or an example and a moral therefrom. Isn’t it all charming how the poets have thought of a right, appropriate example, derived a moral or a proof and put it all in a short, sweet verse ! Во многих субхаашитам можно видеть подобный стиль: сначала высказывается гипотеза, потом дается ее доказательство посредством очевидного примера, и наконец, формулируется мораль. Поразительно, как много поэтов придумывали хорошие примеры с вытекающей из него моральной истиной, выражая все это в кратком, но прекрасном стихе!

I am sure you will like this good saying सुभाषितम् as well. Learn it by heart. Уверен, вам понравится это крылатое изречение, субхашитам. Заучите его наизусть.

शुभमस्तु | шьубхам-асту

-o-O-o-

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7

Lesson 5 Учим санскрит по-новому -- Урок 5

Glossary 5 Словарик 5

1 good person, gentleman sujanaH सुजनः суджанаХ = добрый человек
2 not na न на = не
3 gets into, goes to yAti याति йаати = входит, вникает
4 enmity vairam वैरम् вайрам = раздор
5 other paraH परः параХ = другой
6 good hitam हितम् хитам = добро, благо
7 others’ good para-hitam परहितम् пара-хитам = благо других
8 involved, engrossed nirataH निरतः ниратаХ = вовлеченный, занятый
9* engrossed in good of others para-hita-nirataH परहितनिरतः пара-хита-ниратаХ = благом других занятый
10 total loss vinAshaH विनाशः винаашьаХ = полная потеря, утрата
11 time kAlaH काल: каалаХ = время
12* in time of total loss vinAsha-kAle विनाशकाले винаашьа-каалэ = во времена полной утраты
13 also api अपि апи = также
14 when cut chhede छेदे чхэдэ = будучи срубленным
15 sandalwood chandana चन्दनम् чанданам = сандал
16 tree taruH तरुः таруХ = дерево
17* sandalwood tree chandana-taruH चन्दनतरुः чхандана-таруХ = сандаловое дерево
18 lends fragrance surabhayati सुरभयति сурабхайати = источает аромат
19 mouth mukham मुखम् мукхам = рот
20 of axe kuThArasya कुठारस्य куТхаарасйа = топора (род.падеж)

Words सुजनः, न and अपि have been there in previous glossaries. Слова суджанаХ, на и апи были в предыдущих словариках.

There are three compound words here – परहितनिरतः विनाशकाले and चन्दनतरुः Здесь фигурируют три составных слова - пара-хита-ниратаХ, винаашьа-каалэ и чандана-тахаХ.

(6) and (7) and (8) = (9) पर: and हितम् and निरतः = परहितनिरतः параХ + хитам + ниратаХ = парахитаниратаХ

Let us first look at “पर: and हितम्” The meaning is explained in the glossary that परहितम् = others’ good. So the relationship between the two words “other” and “good” is through the apostrophe. Or if we write it as “good of others”, the relationship is through the preposition “of”. In Sanskrit, the function of this preposition is served by the sixth, genitive case षष्ठी विभक्तिः. Hence we have to connect the two words by sixth case of पर: which is परस्य.

So the explanation of परहितम् = परस्य हितम् A compound word having this type of explanation or deciphering is called as a compound समास of षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास type.

Then we can look into deciphering परहितनिरतः  considering परहितम् and निरतः as the two parts. Since परहितनिरतः means “engrossed in good of others” the relationship between the two parts “good of others” and “engrossed” is through the preposition “in”.  Function of this preposition is served by seventh locative case. Hence we have to connect the two parts by a declension of परहितम् into seventh case, सप्तमी विभक्तिः which is परहिते. So the explanation of परहितनिरतः becomes परहिते  निरतः A compound word having this type of explanation or deciphering is called as a compound समास of सप्तमी-तत्पुरुष समास type.

(10) + (11) = (12) विनाशः and कालः = विनाशकालः –> विनाशकाले Since means “in time of total loss” means “time of total loss”. Here the two parts “total loss” and “time” have the relationship through the preposition “of”. The function of this preposition is served by the sixth, genitive case षष्ठी विभक्तिः. Hence we have to connect the two words by sixth case of विनाशः which is विनाशस्य. So, the explanation of विनाशकालः is विनाशस्य कालः So, विनाशकालः is again a compound word समास of षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष समास type. विनाशकाले is सप्तमी विभक्तिः of विनाशकालः after its compounding.

Compound words become new words and would have declensions in different cases. This is important. Before deciphering a compound word, we should get to its simplest form, decipher the simplest form, which often is of first case singular प्रथमा विभक्तिः एकवचनम्.

परहितनिरतः was already in प्रथमा विभक्तिः एकवचनम्. So, there was no problem to start off with deciphering straightaway.

(15) + (16) = (17) चन्दनम् and तरुः = चन्दनतरुः This is again in प्रथमा विभक्तिः एकवचनम्. The two parts are चन्दनम् and तरुः Since the meaning of चन्दनतरुः is tree of sandalwood, relationship between the two words चन्दनम् and तरुः is through the preposition “of”. Again we have to connect the two words चन्दनम् and तरुः by sixth, genitive case of चन्दनम् which is चन्दनस्य Hence चन्दनतरुः is again a compound word समास of षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष समास type.

Actually the first word in the glossary सुजनः is also a compound word.  It has two parts सु and जनः The first part सु is a prefix उपपद, which stands for सुष्ठु meaning “good” So सुजनः compounded from सुष्ठु जनः becomes a compound word समासः of उपपद-तत्पुरुषः समासः type.

In the above discussion, we have studied समासाः of three types – षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः, सप्तमी-तत्पुरुषः and उपपद-तत्पुरुषः Obviously there are all sub-types of the broader category of तत्पुरुष-समासाः.

You will also appreciate from this discussion how deciphering the समासाः helps to get thorough understanding of the meaning.

Now we can proceed to our usual exercise of composing the phrases.

Exercises 4
From the words 1 to 20 in the glossary, compose the following phrases -

No. Phrase Sanskrit in
transliteration Sanskrit in
Devanagari
1 good person, not, gets into, enmity __________  __________ ___________ __________  __________  _________
2 engrossed in good of others
__________  ___________  ________ __________  __________  ________
3 in times of total loss, also __________  __________  _________ __________  __________  ________
4 when cut, also, tree of sandalwood __________  __________  _________ __________  __________  ________
5 lends fragrance ________  __________  _________ ________  __________  _________
6 in the mouth, of axe ________  __________  _________ ________  __________  _________

The words सुजनः and न can be conjugated as सुजनो न. Слова суджанаХа и на могут быть сцеплены как суджано на.

Likewise परहितनिरतः and विनाशकाले can be conjugated as परहितनिरतो विनाशकाले. This pattern of conjugations has been explained earlier. Аналогично пара-хита-ниратаХа и винаашьа-каалэ можно сцепить как пара-хита-нирато винашьа-каалэ.

In phrase (3), you will get the words विनाशकाले and अपि. These can be conjugated to make one word विनाशकालेऽपि The symbol “ऽ” is called as avagrahaH, अवग्रहः standing for अ in अपि. Во фразе (3) имеем слова винаашьакаалэ и апи. Их можно сцепить в одно слово винаашьакаалэ'пи. Символ “ऽ” называется аваграхаХ и замещает а в апи.

When you try to utter a word ending in vowel sound ए followed by the next word starting with अ, you will realise that अ tends to become silent. Попробовав произнести слово, оканчивающееся на гласный "э", перед словом, начинающимся на "а", вы обнаружите, что "а" проглатывается, стремится исчезнуть.

That is how the rule of conjugation is made – when ए  is followed by अ, the latter vowel अ would become silent. But its presence must be denoted by an avagrahaH अवग्रहः the symbol “ऽ”. Отсюда возникает еще одно правило сцепки - когда за "э" следует "а", "а" исчезает, и его немое присутствие обозначается символом аваграхаХ “ऽ”.

Similarly in phrase (4), छेदे and अपि can be conjugated to make one word छेदेऽपि. Аналогично во фразе (4), чхэдэ и апи могут быть сцеплены в одно слово чхэдэ'пи.

As usual, now you can write down three-three phrases in one line. By that it becomes a good two-line verse, a good saying a सुभाषितम् !! Как обычно, теперь вы можете написать два-по-три фразы в одну строчку. Получится хороший двустрочный стих, субхаашитам!!

Here is, how it would read - Итак, вот как оно читается:

सुजनो न याति वैरम् परहितनिरतो विनाशकालेऽपि ।
छेदेऽपि चन्दनतरुः सुरभयति मुखं कुठारस्य ॥

суджано на йаати вайрам
пара-хита-нирато винаашьа-каалэ'пи \
чхэдэ'пи чандана-таруХ
сурабхайати мукхаМ куТхаарасйа \\

Although we have been having good enough meaning by the phrases in the above tabulation, it would be a good idea to paraphrase the complete meaning in chaste English. Хотя мы и набрались достаточно смыслов в табличке упражнений, было бы неплохо сделать литературный перевод данного выражения. Это задание.

I am sure you will like this good saying सुभाषितम् as well. Learn it by heart. Уверен, вам понравится это крылатое выражение, субхаашитам.

शुभमस्तु | шьубхам-асту!

-o-O-o-

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8

Learning Sanskrit by a Fresh Approach – Lesson 6 - Учим санскрит по-новому -- Урок 6

In previous lessons, the style was to put words from a given glossary into an order. The order in which to put the words was also planned by me. The idea was to get the verse to emerge almost naturally or automatically. В предыдущих уроках слова стиха приводились до стиха, что было специально мной запланировано, дабы стих возникал из перечня слов естественным образом, автоматически.
We can now try a different approach of developing the capability of exploring meaning of any new verse. Теперь испробуем другой подход для толкования значения стиха.
Let us see how this approach will work. Let us try with this verse - Посмотрим, как сработает этот метод. Испытаем его на таком  стихе:
अयं निजः परो वेति गणना लघुचेतसाम् । उदारचरितानां तु वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम् ।
айаМ ниджаХ паро вэти гаНанаа лагху-чэтасаам / удаара-чаритаанааМ ту васудхайва куТумбакам

This method also will have a logical system. It will be step by step. Typically, We shall examine every phrase and every word. Этот метод имеет в основе свою логику. Будем двигаться пошагово. Станем анализировать каждую фразу и каждое слово.
If there are any conjugations, we shall break them, so that we can see every word in its proper understandable form. Если встретятся сцепки (сандхи), будем их разбивать, чтобы видеть каждое слово в понятной форме.
If there are any compound words, we shall decipher them. Если встретятся составные слова, тоже будем их декодировать.
Finally we shall put them all into a syntax, so that we can write down the full meaning properly. Наконец, сопоставим все с правилами синтаксиса, чтобы уяснить полный смысл стиха.
अयं  = this one айаМ = этот
निजः = related to oneself ниджаХ = относящийся к себе
परो वेति  = परः वा इति паро вэти = параХ ваа ити
परः = the other параХ = другой
वा = or ваа = или
इति = like this ити = как это

गणना = counting, consideration гаНанаа = учет, рассмотрение
लघुचेतसाम् =  लघुः चेत: यस्य सः –> ते –> तेषां –> лагхучэтасаам = лагхуХ чэтаХ йасйа саХ -> тэ -> тэшааМ
लघुः = small лагхуХ = малый
चेत: = mind, heart, thinking чэтаХ = ум. сердце, мышление
यस्य = whose йасйа = чье
सः = he–> ते (= they)–> तेषां (= their) –> लघुचेतसाम् саХ = он -> тэ = они -> тэшааМ (их) -> лагхучэтасаам
लघुचेतसाम् = of those who have small mind (or heart or thinking) лагхучэтасаам = тех, кто имеет мало ума (или сердца, или мышления)

उदारचरितानां = उदारम् चरितम् यस्य सः –> ते –> तेषां –> удаарачаритаанааМ = удаарам чаритам йасйа саХ –> тэ –> тэшааМ
उदारम् = broad-minded удаарам = широкомыслящий
चरितम् = heart, thinking, conduct of life чаритам = сердце, мышление, стиль жизни
यस्य = whose йасйа = чей
सः = he–> ते (= they)–> तेषां (= their) –> उदारचरितानाम् саХ = он –> тэ (=они) –> тэшааМ (=их) –> удаара-чаритаанаам

उदारचरितानाम् = of those who have broad mind удаара-чаритаанаам = тех, кто имеет широкий ум

तु = however ту = однако
वसुधैव = वसुधा एव васудхайва = васудхаа эва
वसुधा = earth васудхаа = земля
एव = itself эва = себя

Actually there is a concept why earth is called as वसुधा. It is explained by an aphorism “वसुभि: धार्यते अतः वसुधा” Важно, что существует объяснение, почему земля именуется васудхаа. Оно заключается в афоризме "васубхиХ дхаарйатэ атаХ васудхаа".

वसुभि: = by Vasu’s васубхиХ = Васой
धार्यते = is taken care of, is protected дхаарйатэ = защищается
अतः = hence атаХ = следовательно

वसुभि: धार्यते अतः वसुधा = (the entity that) Is taken care of, protected by Vasu’s, hence, वसुधा (сущность, которая) защищается Васой, следовательно, васудхаа

This will raise a curiosity, “Who are Vasu’s ?” Возникает вопрос: кто такой Васу?
वसु: = a God of lower cadre, who follows orders of Indra. васуХ = божество низшего ранга, входящее в свиту Индры
They are eight. Their primary job is to be the sentinels at eight directions (अष्ट दिश: ) around the earth to protect the earth – Их всего восемь. Их обязанность - охранять восемь направлений (ашТа дишьаХ)

Four major directions (in clockwise order) Четыре главных направления (по часовой стрелке)

East (पूर्वा), South (दक्षिणा), West(पश्चिमा), North(उत्तरा) Восток (пуурваа) Юг (дакшиНаа) Запад (пашьчимаа) Север (уттараа)

Four minor directions (in clockwise order) Четыре дополнительных направления (по часовой стрелке)

South-east(आग्नेय), South-west(नैऋती), North-west(वायव्या), North-east(ईशान्या) Юго-восток (аагнэйа) Юго-запад (найРитии) Северо-запад (ваайавйаа) Северо-восток (ишьаанйаа)

In ShrImad-bhagavad-gItA, bhagavAn krRuShNa proclaims, “among Vasu’s, I am pAvaka वसूनां पावकश्चास्मि“ В Шримад-Бхагавад-Гите бхагаваан кРишьНа заявляет: "среди Васу я паавака" (васуунааМ паавакашь-ча-асми)

वसूनां पावकश्चास्मि = वसूनां पावक: च अस्मि васуунааМ паавакашь-ча-асми = васуунааМ паавакаХ ча асми

वसूनां = Vasus’, or among ‘Vasu’s васуунааМ = среди Васу
पावक: = fire also called as अग्नि: Hence direction to be protected by this Vasu is South-east(आग्नेय). I guess, that the reason for bhagavAn krRuShNa proclaiming, “among Vasu’s, I am pAvaka वसूनां पावकश्चास्मि” may be because among all ‘Vasu’s अग्नि: is one, who has तेज one of the five great fundamental elements (पंचमहाभूतानि) inherent to it. паавакаХ = огонь, также именуется агниХ. Поэтому направление, защищаемое этим Васу - это юго-восток (аагнэйа). Думаю, что причина заявления от бхагаваан кРишьНа "среди Васу я паавака" васуунааМ паавакашь-ча-асми - в том, что среди всех Васу агниХ - единственный имеющий тэджа, один из фундаментальных элементов (паМча-махаа-бхуутаани), присущий ему.
पंचमहाभूतानि = They are паМча-махаа-бхуутаани = пять великих элементов

mother earth (पृथ्वी), which supports all life мать-земля (пРитхвии), поддерживающая все живое

water (आप), аапа = вода

light (तेज), тэджа = свет

air (वायुः), вайуХ = воздух

sky or space (आकाश) which provides the space for the whole universe. небо или пространство (аакаашьа), дающее место всей вселенной.

च = and ча = и
अस्मि = (I) am асми = (я) есть

कुटुम्बकम् । = family куТумбакам = семья
Overall meaning now becomes – “This one mine or not mine” (is) thinking of petty-minded. For the broad-minded, however, (whole) world (is one) family. Теперь проясняется значение в целом: "это мое или не мое" - таково мышление малоумного. Для мыслящего широко весь мир - одна семья.

This subhAShitam is really the basic approach of Indian polity, since ages. India has never been the aggressor. It has yet been the melting pot for cultures from around the world. Would not the World be a really happier place to live, if all countries adopted such polity ? Эта субхаашьитам отражает базовый подход многовековой индийской идеологии. Индия никогда не была агрессором. Она впитывала разные культуры со всего мира. Стал бы мир счастливее, если бы все страны придерживались такой идеологии? (вопрос риторический...)

Equanimity is of course a challenging thought to make it as one’s nature. It seems that we are all more petty-minded लघुचेतस: than broad-minded उदारचेतस:. Равноправие - это поистине вызов мышлению того, кто хочет впитать его в свою сущность. Думается, мы пока гораздо более узкомыслящие, лагхучэтасаХ, чем широко-мыслящие, удаарачэтасаХ.

Here is the verse for learning by heart Итак, весь стих для заучивания наизусть

अयं निजः परो वेति गणना लघुचेतसाम् ।
उदारचरितानां तु वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम् ।

айаМ ниджаХ паро вэти гаНанаа лагху-чэтасаам
удаара-чаритаанааМ ту васудхайва куТумбакам

Before closing, how about some exercises ? И в завершение, как насчет пары упражнений?
(1) Among so many words, which we came across in these six lessons, there have been many which are unchanging, called as “indeclinables” in grammar. There would be the adverbs, conjunctions, interjections in this list. It would be a good idea to list them at one place, along with their meanings. That would make some unique dictionary of the indeclinables ! Среди множества слов, которые нам встретились в этих шести уроках, многие являются грамматически "неизменяемыми". Это могут быть наречия, союзы, междометия. Неплохо было бы свести их в один список вместе с их значениями. Получился бы единый словарь "неизменяемых"!

(2) We have also come across many nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs. All these words have declensions, as has been explained earlier. Let us make separate lists of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and the verbs. Нам уже встретилось множество существительных, местоимений, прилагательных, глаголов. Все эти слова изменяются так, как объяснялось ранее. Сделайте отдельные списки существительных, местоимений, прилагательных и глаголов.

-o-O-o-

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9

Learning Sanskrit by a Fresh Approach – Lesson 7 Урок 7

This time, I would like to take a longish verse. На этот раз я возьму стих подлиньше.

रामो राजमणिः सदा विजयते रामं रमेशं भजे ।
раамэ рааджам-аНиХ садаа виджайата раамаМ бхаджэ
रामेणाभिहता निशाचरचमू रामाय तस्मै नमः ॥
раамэНа-абхихатаа нишьаачарачам раамаайа тасмай намаХ
रामान्नास्ति परायणं परतरं रामस्य दासोऽस्म्यहम् ।
раамаан-наасми параайаНаМ паратараМ раамасйа даасо'смйахам (асми ахам)
रामे चित्तलयः सदा भवतु मे भो राम मामुद्धर ॥
раамэ читталайаХ садаа бхавату мэ бхо раама маам-уддхара

Before proceeding with exploring the meaning of this verse, some interesting features of this verse - Прежде чем изучать значение этогог стиха, отметим несколько интересных его особенностей -
1. Of course this verse is an ode to Lord RAma. This verse is from a long enough स्तोत्रम् known as श्रीरामरक्षास्तोत्रम् Конечно, этот стих является восхвалением Рамы. Он взят из довольно длинной стотрам, известной как шьрии-раама-ракшаа-стотрам.

2. Looking at the poetry of it, Рассмотрим поэтический стиль
Every line has 19 syllables – exactly 19 В каждой строке ровно 19 слогов

Weightages of the 19 syllables in every line are 2-2-2, 1-1-2, 1-2-1, 1-1-2, 2-2-1, 2-2-1, 2 ... 19-ти слогов в каждой строчке...

This pattern of weightages makes the verse of a meter called as शार्दूलविक्रीडितम् Такой рисунок ... создает стихотворный размер шьаардлавикрииДитам

This meter is very popular with poets, especially those composing verses to express best wishes to a couple, when the marriage ceremony is being performed, typically when they would have put garlands on each other. Этот размер весьма популярен, в особенности тогда, когда требуется восхваления на брачной церемонии, обычно при одевании молодыми цветочных гирлянд друг на друга.

3. In this verse there are two distinct sentences in each line. So, to explore the meaning of this verse, we have to understand just 8 simple sentences. That’s it. В этом стихе по два отдельных предложения в каждой строчке, поэтому всего требуется разобрать 8 простых предложений.

Let us start off by the set methodology of exploring phrase by phrase, word by word. Начнем исследовать фраза за фразой, слово за словом по новой методологии.

रामो राजमणिः = राम: राजमणिः
राम: = (Lord) RAma
राजमणिः = राजानाम् मणिः
राजानाम् = of kings
मणिः = jewel
राजानाम् मणिः = jewel among kings

सदा = always

विजयते = is victorious

रामो राजमणिः सदा विजयते = RAma, the jewel among kings is always victorious

रामं = रामम् = to RAma

रमेशं = रमेशम्
रमेशम् = रमेश: –> तम्  –> रमेशम्
रमेश: = रमायाः ईशः (षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष- समासः)
रमायाः = of RamA रमा is the name of wife of ViShNu
ईशः = Lord
रमायाः ईशः = Lord of RamA, hence ViShNu

भजे = I am devoted to, or I do devotion to.
रामं रमेशं भजे = I do devotion to RAma, (hence) to Ramesha (i.e. to ViShNu)
One may ask, how doing devotion to RAma becomes devotion also to ViShNu. The logic lies in the mythology of incarnations of ViShNu. Among ten incarnations (दशावताराः) of ViShNu, RAma is regarded as the seventh. So, mythologically, ViShNu is the supreme deity, which undertook ten incarnations in the order – मत्स्य, कूर्म, वराह, नृसिंह, वामन, परशुराम, राम, कृष्ण, बुद्ध, कल्कि
When I deliberate on this mythology of दशावताराः to me it appeals to be the theory of evolution of life. When the globe was cooling down, and migratory life form had to emerge, it could have emerged only in the more congenial environment of water and not on the terrains. So first incarnation is मत्स्य, the fish. Next is कूर्म, the turtle, which could move both in water and on ground; yet more in water than on ground. Third वराह the rhino, who loves watery surroundings, but moves on ground of shallow waters. Fourth is नृसिंह, half lion (सिंह), half human (नृ). Fifth वामन, human, rather dimunitive. Sixth परशुराम, human, but rather savage, uncultured. Seventh राम, the ideal human. Eighth कृष्ण, adept at the ways of the world. Ninth बुद्ध, the exalted, self-realised soul. Tenth कल्कि where good and evil coexist.
Associated with this mythology of दशावताराः is also the concept of passage of time, the four Yuga’s – कृत त्रेता द्वापार कलि. Incarnation of RAma is said to belong to कृत-युग Not much detail seems to have been mentioned about त्रेतायुग The incarnation of कृष्ण is said to belong to द्वापारयुग. Present times are of कलियुग, where good and evil coexist, rather times, when good is always challenged by the evil.
Learning Sanskrit is not just for learning a language. It is also a learning of what can be or what should be the cultured way of life. The language is a refined language and its literature speaks of refined life, of cultured life. Knowledge of Sanskrit is hence essential, certainly in कलियुग. It will be the real beacon to meet the challenges of the evil without compromising the refined thoughts and conduct.

भजे is also an interesting word. From भजे we have the noun भजनम्, which has two meanings – (1) a song of devotion (2) to sing a song of devotion.

By this connotation, भजे means not just “I do devotion”, but “I do devotion by singing a song of devotion”.

This word भजे is a declension of the root verb भज् meaning “to do devotion”. From this verb भज् there is another noun, भक्तिः which means “devotion”. One can do devotion in any of nine ways. नवविधा भक्तिः Doing devotion by singing a song of devotion i.e. by भजनम् is one of nine ways नवविधा भक्तिः There is a verse summing up all the nine ways of नवविधा भक्तिः Maybe, we can discuss that verse sometime later.
Presently on to the next phrase.

रामेणाभिहता = रामेण + अभिहता
रामेण = by RAma
अभिहता = consummately killed, destroyed
A little study on both these words -
रामेण = by RAma
It may be noticed that in the first sentence राम: was the subject. So the root word राम was in subjective or nominative case, which is called as first case प्रथमा विभक्तिः.
In the second sentence, the word was “रामम् = to RAma” in object case or accusative case, which is called the second case, द्वितीया विभक्तिः
Here we have it as “रामेण = by RAma” in instrumental case, which is called as the third case, तृतीया विभक्तिः
I guess, you got a good hint of why this verse is chosen for this lesson! Two sentences in each line, each sentence presenting cases first, second, third  etc. of the root word राम, all in perfect order and every line perfectly in शार्दूलविक्रीडितम् meter !

अभिहता = consummately killed, destroyed. The meaning “consummately” comes from the prefix अभि. There is a large number of prefixes, which can be prefixed to different words to get a range of shades of meaning of that word. The prefixes उपसर्गाः or उपपदानि not only help to get a range of shades of meaning, but do it so crisply, just by a prefix. We have that in most languages also, e.g. eject, reject, inject, project, adject(ive), abject
निशाचरचमू रामाय = निशाचरचमू: रामाय

निशाचरचमू: = निशा + चर + चमू:
निशाचर =  Here we have a suffix चर attached to the word निशा.
The suffix चर is derived from the verb चर meaning “to move, to move about, to roam”. The suffix such as चर lends the meaning of capability to do the action of the meaning of the verb. So suffix चर means capable of roaming.
निशा = night

निशाचर = निशायाम् चरति इति capable of roaming in the night, ghost, nocturnal being. All राक्षसा: of army of रावण had such capability. They were निशाचरा:.
चमू: = army
निशाचरचमू: = निशाचराणाम् चमू: A compound of षष्ठी तत्पुरुष type. Army of nocturnal beings, capable of roaming in the night.

रामेणाभिहता निशाचरचमू: = Army of nocturnal beings was consummately destroyed by RAma.

This sentence is in passive voice. The passive voice is rendered by अभिहता which is a past passive participle from the verb अभि + हन्
This is another speciality of Sanskrit, that participles derived from verbs can do the function of verbs, such that a formal verb need not be visible.

रामाय तस्मै नमः
रामाय = unto RAma. This is declension of राम in the dative case, the fourth case चतुर्थी विभक्तिः

तस्मै = unto that This is declension of a pronoun तत् the indicative pronoun meaning “that”, again in the fourth case. Because this pronoun qualifies the noun राम, both the noun and the qualifying pronoun (or adjective) have to be in the same case, here the fourth case.
नमः = bowing.
रामाय तस्मै नमः = bowing  (I bow) unto that RAma. Here, “that” hints also to that RAma who destroyed army of nocturnal beings.

रामान्नास्ति = रामात् न अस्ति

रामात् = from RAma, than RAma. This is declension of राम in the ablative case, the fifth case पञ्चमी विभक्तिः
न = not. An indeclinable used to render negative.
अस्ति = is
परायणं  = परायणम् = परम् अयनम् A compound of type कर्मधारय . In the compounded word न of अयनम् becomes ण. Hence परायणम् from परम् अयनम्. There are rules for all such minute variations. We shall not go into all that at this stage. It is mentioned here just for information. Our focus shall be in understanding the meaning, than understanding all the grammar.

परम् = the other
अयनम् = the action of going, destination, recourse
परतरं = परतरम् Adjective of comparative degree from the root adjective पर. तर is the suffix which renders the comparative degree of an adjective. The superlative degree is rendered by  suffix तम
रामान्नास्ति परायणम् परतरम् = There is no better recourse than RAma.

रामस्य दासो ऽ स्म्यहम् = रामस्य दासः अस्मि अहम्

रामस्य = of RAma रामस्य is declension of राम in the sixth i.e. genetive case षष्ठी विभक्ति:
दासः = servent
अस्मि = (I) am
अहम् = I
रामस्य दासः अस्मि अहम् = I am servent of RAma
रामे चित्तलय: सदा भवतु मे

रामे = at RAma. रामे is declension of राम in the seventh i.e. locative case सप्तमी विभक्ति:

चित्तलय: = चित्तस्य लय: A compound of षष्ठी तत्पुरुष type
चित्तस्य = of mind
लय: = resting
सदा = always
भवतु = may be, may stay
मे = for me or of me

रामे चित्तलय: सदा भवतु मे = Resting of my mind may always be at RAma or For me, resting of mind may always be at RAma.

भो राम मामुद्धर = भोः राम माम् उद्धर

भोः = an interjection to back a call “Oh” or “Eh”

राम = address to RAma to mean “Eh RAma” राम as हे राम is declension of राम in  address case संबोधन-विभक्ति:

माम् = to me
उद्धर =  (please) uplift
भो राम मामुद्धर = भोः राम माम् उद्धर = Oh RAma, please uplift me !

RAma, the jewel among kings is always victorious I do devotion to RAma, (hence) to Ramesha (i.e. to ViShNu)
by singing a song of devotion
Army of nocturnal beings was destroyed by RAma I bow unto that RAma
There is no better recourse than RAma I am servent of RAma
Resting of my mind may always be at RAma Oh RAma, please uplift me !
Isn’t that a good prayer ? It brings out all the ardent feelings a devotee would have towards one’s object or idol of devotion.

The prayer does so by employing declensions of the word राम in all eight cases – first to seventh and also the address case !

Actually a noun such as राम will have declensions not only by cases but also by number. In Sanskrit, numbers are three – singular, dual, plural called as एकवचनम् द्विवचनम् बहुवचनम्

Since राम is a masculine noun having अ vowel ending, it would be good to have a look at the declensions of  अ-कारान्त पुल्लिंगी नाम such as बाल meaning “boy”

विभक्ति: एकवचनम् द्विवचनम् बहुवचनम्
प्रथमा बाल: बालौ बाला:
द्वितीया बालम् बालौ बालान्
तृतीया बालेन बालाभ्याम् बालै:
चतुर्थी बालाय बालाभ्याम् बालेभ्य:
पञ्चमी बालात् बालाभ्याम् बालेभ्य:
षष्ठी बालस्य बालयो: बालानाम्
सप्तमी बाले बालयो: बालेषु
संबोधन हे बाल हे बालौ हे बाला:

You will notice that all the declensions of राम conform to the patterns of declension of बाल. We have five other words all अ vowel ending, masculine nouns अ-कारान्त पुल्लिंगी नाम in this lesson itself.

Can you find them and list them here ? ______ , ________ , ________ , _______ , _______
Pattern of declensions of अ-कारान्त neuter नपुंसकलिंगी nouns are quite similar to those of अ-कारान्त masculine nouns, except in first, second and address cases.

Let us see declensions of अ-कारान्त neuter नपुंसकलिंगी noun बालक meaning “a child”

विभक्ति: एकवचनम् द्विवचनम् बहुवचनम्
प्रथमा बालकम् बालके बालकानि
द्वितीया बालकम् बालके बालकानि
तृतीया बालकेन बालकाभ्याम् बालकै:
चतुर्थी बालकाय बालकाभ्याम् बालकेभ्य:
पञ्चमी बालकात् बालकाभ्याम् बालकेभ्य:
षष्ठी बालकस्य बालकयो: बालकानाम्
सप्तमी बालके बालकयो: बालकेषु
संबोधन हे बालक हे बालके हे बालकानि
We also have some अ-कारान्त neuter नपुंसकलिंगी nouns here in this lesson. Let me give out one – वचन meaning “mention, talk, oath”.
Can you find three more and list them here ? ________ , _________ , _________

Corollary to the masculine बाल and neuter बालक there would be the feminine noun बाला, meaning “a girl”. This is of course having vowel ending आ So, it is आकारांत स्त्रीलिंगी नाम. Let us see declensions of this also !

विभक्ति: एकवचनम् द्विवचनम् बहुवचनम्
प्रथमा बाला बाले बाला:
द्वितीया बालाम् बाले बाला:
तृतीया बालया बालाभ्याम् बालाभि:
चतुर्थी बालायै बालाभ्याम् बालाभ्य:
पञ्चमी बालायाः बालाभ्याम् बालाभ्य:
षष्ठी बालायाः बालयो: बालानाम्
सप्तमी बालायाम् बालयो: बालासु
संबोधन हे बाले हे बाले हे बाला:
We also have some आकारांत feminine स्त्रीलिंगी nouns in this lesson.
Can you find three more and list them here ? ________ , _________ , _________
We can have an interesting exercise of composing some simple sentences :-
1. We already have a simple sentence. “I am a servant.” Can you write that again ? _____  ______ ______ |

2. In the same manner you can write “I am a boy.” ______  ______  ______ | “I am a girl.” ______ ________ _______ |
3. Let us use a simple verb वदति (singular) वदतः (dual) वदन्ति (plural) and compose sentences -
1 A boy speaks ______ ______ |
2 Two boys speak ______ ______ |
3 Boys speak ______ ______ |
4 A child speaks ______ ______ |
5 Two children speak ______ ______ |
6 Children speak ______ ______ |
7 A girl speaks ______ ______ |
8 Two girls speak ______ ______ |
9 Girls speak ______ ______ |
Doesn’t it feel great to be able to compose sentences in Sanskrit ?

Before closing, И в завершение,
(a) अ-कारान्त а-каараанта masculine पुल्लिंगी пуллиМгии nouns in the lesson were - रमेश, ईश, मत्स्य, कूर्म, वराह, नृसिंह, वामन, परशुराम, राम, कृष्ण, बुद्ध, अभिहत (adjective), निशाचर, राक्षस, दास, परतर (adjective) तत्पुरुष, पुरुष, समास and लय
(b) अ-कारान्त neuter नपुंसकलिंगी nouns in the lesson were - भजन, अभिहत (adjective), परायण, अयन, परतर (adjective), चित्त, वचन
(c) आकारांत feminine स्त्रीलिंगी nouns in this lesson were - रमा, अभिहता (adjective), निशा,
Declensions of all the above nouns and adjectives shall follow the given patterns.
Note, adjectives and pronouns will always have gender, case and number matching with gender, case and number of the noun, which they qualify. Hence they will have declensions accordingly. This rule is also given by a verse !
यल्लिंगम् यद्वचनम् या च विभक्तिर्विशेषस्य
तल्लिंगम् तद्वचनम् सा च विभक्तिर्विशेषणस्यापि
An example of this rule is in रामाय तस्मै both the pronoun and noun are in masculine, fourth case, singular Как пример этого правила: раамаайа тасмай - и местоимение и существительное стоят в мужском роде, четвертом падеже, ед.числе

शुभमस्तु | шьубхам-асту

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10

Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach – Lesson 8

Here is an interesting सुभाषितम् very onomatopoetically composed. Also it displays the flight of imagination of the poet. He leaves it to the reader to draw the moral.

रात्रिर्गमिष्यति भविष्यति सुप्रभातम् ।
भास्वानुदेष्यति हसिष्यति पंकजश्रीः ।
इत्थं विचारयति कोषगते द्विरेफे ।
हा हन्त हन्त नलिनीं गज उज्जहार ॥
Let us start with our study – phrase by phrase, word by word.

रात्रिर्गमिष्यति = रात्रि: गमिष्यति
रात्रि: = Night
गमिष्यति = will pass

भविष्यति सुप्रभातम्

भविष्यति = will be or will become
सुप्रभातम् = good morning

भास्वानुदेष्यति = भास्वान् उदेष्यति
भास्वान् = one who has splendour; sun भाः + वत्
भाः = splendour
वत् A Suffix which helps to make a derived noun, meaning “having”. Here भाः + वत् becomes a derived noun, with meaning “having splendour” One common place example is the word भगवान्
उदेष्यति = will rise

हसिष्यति पंकजश्रीः

हसिष्यति = will smile

पंकजश्रीः

पंकज = पंके जायते इति पंकजम्

पंक = mud
पंके = in mud

ज = जायते = is born; grows

ज is a sufffix which is used to render a meaning “born of” or “born at” or “is born”

पंकजम् = that which grows in mud = lotus
श्रीः = glory

पंकजश्रीः = पंकजस्य श्रीः, षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास glory of lotus

इत्थं विचारयति कोषगते द्विरेफे

इत्थं = thus
विचारयति = thinking; विचारयति is masculine, seventh case singular of विचारयन् a present active participle, derived from the causative of the verb वि + चर्
कोषगते
कोषगत: = कोषे गत:, सप्तमी तत्पुरुष समास
कोषे = into the treasure, into the bosom
गत: = gone This is masculine first case singular of the past passive participle of root verb गम्
कोषगते = having gone into the treasure

द्विरेफे
द्विरेफ: = द्वौ रेफौ यस्य सः, बहुव्रीही समास
द्वौ = two
रेफौ = I struggled with the meaning of रेफ One would not find it in a dictionary. It was very kind of Mr. P. G. Kulkarni and Mr. Krishnanad Mankikar to explain that द्विरेफ means a black bee. Sanskrit word which can be found in a dictionary is भ्रमरः As can be seen, this word has two ‘र’-s in it. रेफ means this ‘र’-कार ! So, द्विरेफ means “one, who has two ‘र’-कार-s n its name ! Ooph ! Poetry even in coining a new word !

This phrase इत्थं विचारयति कोषगते द्विरेफे merits special attention. Three words विचारयति कोषगते द्विरेफे are all in seventh case सप्तमी. This style of composition makes the phrase, a sub-clause. The meaning of these words is not to be taken by their meaning in seventh case.

This style of composing a clause is called in Sanskrit grammar as सति सप्तमी. Here
सति suggests locative case of verbal derivative क. व. धा. वि. (= कर्तरी वर्तमानकालवाचकम् धातुसाधितम् विशेषणम्) e.g. विचारयति and

सप्तमी suggests locative case of corresponding subject of that verb, e.g. द्विरेफे

Here we have कोषगते also in सप्तमी because it is the adjective of द्विरेफे.

As a phrase, the meaning becomes, “(as) the black bee had gone into the bosom and was thinking..” or “(as) the bee, which had gone into the bosom, was thinking..”

हा हन्त हन्त नलिनीं गज उज्जहार

हा हन्त हन्त = interjection, mostly to express sadness, or meaning “alas !”
नलिनीं = नलिनीम् Second case singular of नलिनी meaning “lotus”, rather “a full-grown lotus”
गज उज्जहार = गज: उज्जहार
गज: = elephant

उज्जहार = uprooted, This is declension in past tense, third person, singular of root verb उत् +  हृ meaning “to uproot”

The overall meaning becomes -

As the bee, which had gone into the bosom (of a lotus), was thinking…
“..night will pass and good morning will dawn,
sun will rise and glory of (this) lotus will smile..”
Oh God ! an elephant uprooted the lotus !!
Moral ?

Never think that things will work out the way you would like. The bee possibly thought that it will have all the time of passing of night until sunrise and opening of the petals of the lotus, all that time, to enjoy the nectar at the bosom of the lotus to its heart’s content. But alas, an elephant came along and uprooted the lotus itself !!
Man proposes, God disposes !!
Never do over-indulgence; always take risk-factors also into account.
Thanks again to Mr. Kulkarni for adding also an explanation, that “the bee could have bored its way out. But it was more thoughtful not to hurt the lotus. Behaviour of the elephant was rough, not so considerate as of the bee.”
However, I also read a comment, that the elephant uprooted the lotus to offer it to Goddess LakShmee !
Uhmmm …! The poet sets people to start thinking further, right ?
I had another idea also in mind, in taking up this सुभाषितम्. In these four lines we have गमिष्यति, भविष्यति, उदेष्यति, हसिष्यति, विचारयति, गते, उज्जहार all verb-forms – either declensions or participles. Even the suffix ज in पंकज has a derivation from a verb.

Of these गमिष्यति, भविष्यति, उदेष्यति, हसिष्यति are all declensions in future tense, third person, singular of different root verbs गम्, भू, उत् + इ, हस्
विचारयति is masculine, seventh case singular of विचारयन् a present active participle, derived from the causative of the verb वि + चर्

गते is masculine, seventh case, singular of past passive participle गत of root verb गम्

उज्जहार is declension in past tense, third person, singular of root verb उत् +  हृ
Verbs in Sanskrit become a subject of interesting, but very comprehensive study. It is possibly no exaggeration to say that Sanskrit owes much of its charm for how one can play around with verbs ! Prominently,

1. A root verb is called as धातु
2. Verbs in Sanskrit are of ten classes called as गण
3. Some verbs may belong to more than one गण-s
4. The patterns of declension are of two types, called as परस्मैपदी  and आत्मनेपदी
5. When a धातु has declension of both patterns परस्मैपदी and  आत्मनेपदी it is called as उभयपदी
6. Declensions of verbs are influenced by tense or mood, person and number
7. There are ten tenses and moods –
(For ease of understanding given below for each type is third person singular form of the verb भू)
the tenses are seven

Present Tense वर्तमाने लट्
Three types of Past Tense भूते

लुङ् called as “Aorist” by grammarians. This is not in common use. Example is अभूत्
लङ् (अनद्यतनः भूतकालः) e.g. अभवत्
लिट् (परोक्षभूतकालः) e.g. बभूव

Three types of Future Tense भविष्यतः

लुट् e.g. भविष्यति
लृट् e.g. भविता
लृङ् e.g. अभविष्यत्

and the moods are three

Imperative Mood वेदे लोट् Imperative mood is for giving an order, e.g. भवतु
Mood typically indicated by “should” in English विधौ लिङ् e.g. भवेत्
Mood of benedictions, benevolent wishes and blessings as indicated by “May God bless you” in English आशिषे लेट् e.g. भूयात्

8. There are three persons – first person (I, we) second person (you), third person (he-she-it, they)
9. Numbers are three – singular, dual, plural
In the dictionary, one will usually find a verb identified as follows -
धातु: गण: पदम् वर्त. तृ. पु. एक. क. भू. धा. वि.
1 गम् 1 प. गच्छति गत
2 भू 1 उ. भवति भूत
3 उत् + इ 2 उ. उदेति-ते उदेषित
4 हस् 1 प. हसति हसित
5 वि + चर् (प्रयोजक) 1 प. विचारयति विचारित
6 उत् +  हृ 1 उ. उद्धरति-ते उद्धृत
In the above table

प. = परस्मैपदी
उ. = उभयपदी
वर्त. तृ. पु. एक. = वर्तमाने तृतीय-पुरुषीयम् एकवचनम्
क. भू. धा. वि. = कर्मणि-भूतकालवाचकम् धातुसाधितम् विशेषणम्

There are many adjectival and adverbial derivatives obtained from verbs.
1. Past passive participles such as गत
2. Present active participles such as विचारयन्
3. Adjectives obtained from verbs धातुसाधित विशेषण by using suffixes य तव्य अनीय
4. Infinitive obtained by using suffix तुम्
5. Adverbial derivatives obtained by using suffix त्वा e.g. गत्वा means “upon going”

In Sanskrit, words are formed

1. by declension of nouns, pronouns and adjectives influenced by gender, case and number
2. by declension of verbal roots influenced by tense or mood. voice, causative, person and number
3. by declension of adjectival derivatives obtained from verbs
And there are of course the
4. indeclinables – among them adverbs, conjunctions and interjections
5. adverbial derivatives obtained from verbs, which also are indeclinables.
For doing word-by-word study we can use five structures to present a study of words of these five types.
For example we can see a presentation of words in this सुभाषितम् in the following manner.

शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलशब्द: लिंगम् विभक्ति: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
रात्रि: सामान्यनाम रात्रि स्त्री. प्रथमा एक. night
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलधातु: गण: पदम् प्रयोजकेन ? प्रयोग: काल: वा अर्थ: वा पुरुष: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
गमिष्यति क्रियापदम् गम् 1 प. न कर्तरी ‘लुट्’-भविष्यकाल: तृतीय: एक. will go, will pass
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: शब्दार्थ:
इत्थम् अव्ययम् In this manner, thus
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलशब्द: मूलधातु: गण: पदम् प्रयोजकेन ? प्रयोग: काल: वा अर्थ: वा लिंगम् विभक्ति: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
विचारयति क. व. धा. वि. विचारयन् वि + चर् 1 प. आम् = Yes कर्तरी वर्तमान पु. सप्तमी एक. when thinking
In the table for विचारयति please note क. व. धा. वि. = कर्तरी वर्तमानकालवाचकम् धातुसाधितम् विशेषणम्

Wow! We already have structures for four of the five types of words in Sanskrit !
And what a study !
Do not these structures give a very satisfactory and confidant feeling that “well, the सुभाषितम् is really thoroughly understood !” ?
As an exercise, you can compile a study of all the other words !
शुभमस्तु |

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0

11

Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach – Lesson 9

To start practising our structures for different types of words, let me take a simpler सुभाषितम् this time.
This style of understanding words by tabulated structures is yet another style of our learning the सुभाषितानि.
So, better to start with a simpler सुभाषितम्.
न कश्चिदपि जानाति किं कस्य श्वो भविष्यति ।
अतः श्वः करणीयानि कुर्यादद्यैव बुद्धिमान् ॥
We have to of course start with breaking the conjugations.

न कः-चित् अपि जानाति किम् कस्य श्वः भविष्यति ।
अतः श्वः करणीयानि कुर्यात् अद्य एव बुद्धिमान्
1. न
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: शब्दार्थ:
न अव्ययम् no, not, (does) not, do not
2. कः-चित् Here चित् is only a suffix which lends a meaning “…….ever” to different declensions of the pronoun किम् as detailed below.
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलशब्द: लिंगम् विभक्ति: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
कः सर्वनाम किम् पु. प्रथमा एक. who
With this कः-चित् means “who-ever”

3. अपि
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: शब्दार्थ:
अपि अव्ययम् also, even, at all
4. जानाति
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलधातु: गण: पदम् प्रयोजकेन ? प्रयोग: काल: वा अर्थ: वा पुरुष: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
जानाति क्रियापदम् ज्ञा 9 प.* न कर्तरी वर्तमानकाल: तृतीय: एक. knows
* The verb is actually उभयपदी Here, the declension जानाति is परस्मैपदी
5. किम्
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलशब्द: लिंगम् विभक्ति: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
किम् सर्वनाम किम् नपुं. प्रथमा एक. what
6. कस्य
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलशब्द: लिंगम् विभक्ति: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
कस्य सर्वनाम किम् पु. षष्ठी एक. whose
7. श्वः
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: शब्दार्थ:
श्वः अव्ययम् tomorrow
8. भविष्यति
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलधातु: गण: पदम् प्रयोजकेन ? प्रयोग: काल: वा अर्थ: वा पुरुष: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
भविष्यति क्रियापदम् भू 1 प. न कर्तरी द्वितीय-भविष्यकाल: तृतीय: एक. will happen
9. अतः
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: शब्दार्थ:
अतः अव्ययम् hence, therefore
10. श्वः already detailed at (7)
11. करणीयानि
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलशब्द: मूलधातु: गण: पदम् प्रयोजकेन ? प्रयोग: काल: वा अर्थ: वा लिंगम् विभक्ति: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
करणीयानि “अनीय”-प्रत्ययान्तम् धातुसाधितं विशेषणम् करणीयम् कृ 8 उ. न NA विध्यर्थः नपुं. प्रथमा बहु. (things) to do
12. कुर्यात्
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलधातु: गण: पदम् प्रयोजकेन ? प्रयोग: काल: वा अर्थ: वा पुरुष: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
कुर्यात् क्रियापदम् कृ 8 प.* न कर्तरी विध्यर्थः तृतीय: एक. should do
* The verb is actually उभयपदी as noted above for करणीयानि. Here, the declension कुर्यात् is परस्मैपदी
13. अद्य
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: शब्दार्थ:
अद्य अव्ययम् today
14. एव
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: शब्दार्थ:
एव अव्ययम् only
15. बुद्धिमान्
शब्द: शब्दस्य  जाति: मूलशब्द: लिंगम् विभक्ति: वचनम् शब्दार्थ:
बुद्धिमान् विशेषणम् बुद्धिमत् पु. प्रथमा एक. (the) intelligent (one)
Note, that बुद्धिमत् is an adjective formed from the noun बुद्धि: by using a suffix मत्. Since बुद्धि: means “intelligence” or “intellect” the suffix मत् lends an adjective meaning “having intellect” or “intelligent”
Let us now put the word-by-word meanings in the same order as they appear in the सुभाषितम्
न कः-चित् अपि जानाति किम् कस्य श्वः भविष्यति ।
अतः श्वः करणीयानि कुर्यात् अद्य एव बुद्धिमान्
No who-ever at all knows what whose tomorrow will happen.
Hence, tomorrow things to do should do today only (the) intelligent (one).
You must have fairly understood what the meaning of this सुभाषितम् is. Yet, to be able to paraphrase the meaning, we must put the words in proper syntax. There is a major difference in the rules of syntax in English and in Sanskrit.
In English, the common syntax is (1) subject (2) verb (3) indirect object (4)direct object (5) adverbs, etc.
In Sanskrit, the verb comes last. But this is not a very hard and fast rule. The methodology of using declensions of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs make every word so self-sufficient and self-standing, that one can relate all words properly to each other, even without putting them in an ordained syntax.
It is this flexibility and freedom from rigid rules of syntax, which has made so much of poetry in Sanskrit possible !
To paraphrase the meaning in English, the meaning becomes -
Nobody at all knows, whose what will happen tomorrow.
Hence the intelligent one should do today only, things to do tomorrow.
One more interesting point !
When detailing the word बुद्धिमान्, although it is an adjective meaning “intelligent”, here it is used as a noun, in fact the subject. Hence when giving the meaning of बुद्धिमान्, I thought it better to add (the) and (one) in parenthesis, to indicate that the word is used as a noun. This is another liberty, which in Sanskrit, poets in particular would freely employ !
Similarly, the word करणीयानि is also adjectival. But here it is used as noun, the object of the verb कुर्यात्
Because Sanskrit is a refined language, every student of Sanskrit would imbibe such refinements of intelligence too !
A hint is enough to the intelligent one ! That seems to be the basic presumption of Sanskrit poets !
Isn’t this सुभाषितम् really simple ?
Seven out of 15 words are indeclinables; words #1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14.  So, not much detailing of grammar. There again श्वः is repeated.
Three words being declensions of one pronoun किम्
Three verbs जानाति, भविष्यति and कुर्यात् and one verbal derivative करणीयानि
Two words कुर्यात् and करणीयानि from one verb कृ
Message or moral of this सुभाषितम् is already well-known. There will be a proverb in almost every language, I guess. In English, “Don’t put it off tomorrow, what you can do today !” How good do we follow it however ?
Anyway, at least do not put off learning this verse by heart !
शुभमस्तु !
-o-O-o-
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12

Learning Sanskrit by a fresh approach – Lesson 10 УРОК 10

I would like to take up a couplet, which for grammar of each word is fairly simple. Also, I am calling it as a couplet and not a सुभाषितम्. For the present, I shall request you to first read this lesson through and then say, whether it should be called a सुभाषितम् or not.
Я хочу рассмотреть стих, очень простой по грамматике каждого слова. Я называю это стихом, а не субхашитой, и попрошу вас сначала прочесть весь урок, а потом решить можно ли назвать этот стих субхашитой.

इन्द्र: वायुर्यमश्चैव नैरृतो मध्यमस्तथा ।
ईशानश्च कुबेरश्च अग्निर्वरुण एव च ॥

индраХ ваайур-йамашь-чайва найрРито мадхйамас-татхаа
иишьаанашьча кубэрашь-ча агнир-варуНа эва ча

First breaking the conjugations – Сначала разобъем сцепки-сандхи:
इन्द्र: वायु: यम: च एव नैरृतः  मध्यम: तथा ।
индраХ ваайуХ йамаХ ча эва найрРитаХ мадхйамаХ татхаа
ईशान: च कुबेर: च अग्नि: वरुण: एव च ॥
иишьаанаХ ча кубэраХ ча агниХ варуНаХ эва ча
Some preliminary observations - Некоторые предварительные наблюдения

1. Four times च, twice एव and one तथा – These are all indeclinables. Четырежды встречается ча, дважды эва и один раз татхаа
2. Balance all are nouns, all masuline, singular and in first case. Все существительные муж.рода, ед.числа и в именительном падеже.
3. No verb. Нет глаголов.
4. Does this verse make any sentence at all ? What is this verse then ?
Let us get on with the word-by-word study. Является ли этот стих предложением? Что же это за стих тогда? Продолжим изучать его слово за словом.
1. इन्द्र: = Indra, said to be the presiding deity of the easterly direction. индраХ = Индра - главное божество восточного направления.
2. वायु: = wind, one of eight “Vasu”s, one of the five fundamental elements, said to be the presiding deity of  north-westerly direction. ваайуХ = ветер, один из восьми "Васу", один из пяти фундаментальных элементов (стихий), главное божество северо-западного направления.
3. यम: = Yama, god of death, god of righteousness, йама = Яма, бог смерти, бог справедливости (праведности)
3.1 Yama blessed Kunti with son YudhiShThira, also known as dharma-rAj in recognition of his steadfast righteousness
3.2 Yama is considered to be younger brother of deity Saturn, both considered to be sons of Sun God
3.3 Yama is considered to be the presiding deity of Southern direction. Sleeping with one’s feet towards south is supposed to be disrespectful to Yama and hence is supposed to invite scourge of Yama, which has dreadful consequence of death. Scientifically, it is said sleeping with one’s feet towards south is said to be unhealthy due to adverse effect of earth’s magnetism.

4. च = and, an indeclinable
5. एव = also, an indeclinable
6. नैरृतः = one of eight “Vasu”s, presiding deity of south-westerly direction
7. मध्यम: = the middle one
8. तथा = so also, an indeclinable, often used also as a conjunction connecting with a sub-clause starting with यथा
9. ईशान: = name of Shiva, one of eight “Vasu”s, presiding deity of North-easterly direction.
The convention may have some correlation with the fact that KailAsh mountain and MAnas sarovar, which are supposed to be the abodes of Shiva are in north-east of India.

10. च  see # 4
11. कुबेर: = God of wealth, one of eight “Vasu”s, presiding deity of north direction
12. च = see # 4
13. अग्नि: = fire, one of the five fundamental elements, presiding deity of south-easterly direction, one of eight “Vasu”s
14. वरुण: = God of rains, one of eight “Vasu”s, presiding deity of western direction
15. एव  see # 5
16. च see # 4

Since all nouns are masculine, first case, singular, I thought it okay not to put in any tabulations.

Now let me put in all the names in a 3×3 tabulation, putting in the names at the direction, of which the respective name is the presiding deity. Along side, I shall also put the serial number of the order, in which the names appear in the shloka.
2 वायु: 7 कुबेर: 6 ईशान:
9 वरुण: 5 मध्यम: 1 इन्द्र:
4 नैरृतः 3 यम: 8 अग्नि:

Now look just at the numbers. Numbers in all rows, columns and diagonals sum up to 15.

Wow ! This shloka is a solution to a 3×3 magic square !

This is a solution not just for the numbers from 1 to 9. Take any set of nine successive integers. Put them at places in the order of this shloka. Let us try numbers from 26 to 34

27 32 31
34 30 26
29 28 33
Sums of numbers in all rows, columns and diagonals is now 90, obviously because each number is more by 25 than the numbers 1 to 9. So, total is more by 3×25 i.e. by 75.
I guess, this can be extended to a magic square of 9×9, i.e. for 81 successive integers, first 9 integers to be placed in easterly square of 3×3 in the order of the shloka, next nine numbers to be placed in the north-westerly 3×3 square, not mistaking the order in which the numbers have to be put.

Since this shloka is a solution for a mathematical puzzle, it should now be acceptable, that there is no verb, no sentence. Yet it makes a statement, a very, very positive, powerful a statement !!

If anyone still has doubts of what treasure of knowledge is enshrined in Sanskrit verses, this verse is just a fleeting glimpse !
By the way, I first came across this verse, maybe some forty-odd years back, in a monthly Marathi magazine “AmRut”. I could learn it by heart in just one reading, just because of it being a solution of a mathematical puzzle ! Different people have different interests and the memories also work accordingly, right ?
But this verse should appeal to all people alike, irrespective of age, I guess.

Please go ahead and memorise this verse !

This verse is ascribed to…, whom else…, LeelAvati, daughter of famous mathematician BhAskarAchArya !
By the way, this verse is  a solution to odd-numbered (multiples of 3) magic square ! How I wish that there is some shloka giving solution to any magic square !

शुभमस्तु |
-o-O-o-
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